关于在投稿SCI论文或国际会议论文时，如何写一个精彩的Abstract，我将按照：
- 单纯的临床研究
- 生物学指标
- 系统之间的交互作用
- 治疗前后临床疗效+生物学指标
等四个脉络，为大家分别来一一讲解。
一般情况是小规模的流行病学调查，比如精神疾病吸烟、自杀、伴发的糖尿病、肥胖等情况，这里面牵涉到是发病率、相关的临床危险因素等调查。在这种情况下，本文研究的主要是方向是prevalence，clinical correlates和risk factors等，针对这些内容，如何去写一个Abstract呢？
第一部分）研究背景和目的：
一般是2-3句话，第一句话是高度概括本研究的背景，就像我在《临床科研设计和SCI论文写作》培训班的课堂上讲的“带个大帽子”。第2-3句话是本文的研究目的，同时突出本研究的novelty。下面举几个例子：
第一个例子：“精神分裂症伴发肥胖的发病率和相关临床因素”
背景和目的是这么写的：“Obesity is a common comorbidity in schizophrenia. Few studies have addressed obesity in Chinese schizophrenia patients. The aims of this current study were to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and clinical correlates of obesity in Chinese patients with schizophrenia”。
说明：这样写的比较中规中矩、直截了当。对于这样一个临床研究，第一句就是高度概括精神分裂症的肥胖情况（common comorbidity），第二句话是在中国人群中的情况，暗示了本研究的新颖性（few studies），第三句明确说明本临床研究的目的是：调查精神分裂症合并肥胖的发病率、危险因素和临床相关因素。
第二个例子：“精神分裂症合并自杀的发病率和相关因素”
背景和目的是这么写的：The high prevalence of suicide in schizophrenia may be related to its demographic and clinical characteristics. Because suicide prevalence and its associations with clinical variables are less well characterized in Chinese than European patients with schizophrenia, we assessed the suicide attempts in 520 Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia.
说明：第一句就是高度概括精神分裂症的自杀情况（high prevalence），同时点明本文的主题，即自杀与人临床资料相关。第二句话是在中国人群中的情况，暗示了本研究的新颖性（less well characterized）。第三句明确说明本临床研究的目的是：调查精神分裂症合并自杀的发病率和临床相关因素。
第三个例子：“精神分裂症伴发吸烟的发病率和相关因素”
背景和目的是这么写的：The high prevalence of smoking in schizophrenia of European background may be related to smoking’s reducing clinical symptoms and medication side effects. Because smoking prevalence and its associations with clinical phenotypes are less well characterized in Chinese than European patients with schizophrenia, we assessed these smoking behaviors using clinician-administered questionnaires and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in 776 Chinese male schizophrenia and 560 control subjects.
说明：第一句就是高度概括精神分裂症在西方人群中的吸烟情况（high prevalence），并给出病人高吸烟率的可能原因，点明本文的主题。第二句话是在中国人群中的情况，暗示了本研究的新颖性（less well characterized）。第三句明确说明本临床研究的目的是：采用问卷和量表调查中国人群中精神分裂症合并吸烟情况。这个第三句话有些特殊，包括了Methods里的东西。
第四个例子：“精神分裂症伴发糖尿病发病率和相关因素”
背景和目的是这么写的：OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and correlates of diabetes in a large sample of Chinese patients with schizophrenia on long-term clozapine treatment, because this population previously has received little systematic study.
说明：同上面的类似，但有些简练，因为Objective下面常常是写半句话，限制了句子数和长度，所以需要精简。To + 动词 （To examine，to investigate，to explore……）。然后可以看出包括本研究在中国人群中的情况，暗示了本研究的新颖性（little systematic study），同时明确说明本临床研究的目的是：长期服用氯氮平的中国人群中精神分裂症合并糖尿病的发病率和临床相关。
第二部分）方法：
一般是2-3句话，明确说明入组被试的数目，点明是首发还是慢性病人。收集的临床资料，以及临床量表的评定。
第一个例子：“精神分裂症伴发肥胖的发病率和相关临床因素”
Methods是这么写的：A total of 206 patients were recruited from a hospital in Beijing. Their clinical and anthropometric data together with plasma glucose and lipid parameters were collected. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was rated for all patients.
说明：第一句话明确说明入组病人数，第二句是收集了临床、人体测量参数、血糖和血脂。第三句是采用PANSS临床量表进行评定。
第二个例子：“精神分裂症合并自杀的发病率和相关因素”
Methods是这么写的：We assessed the suicide attempts in 520 Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia. The suicide attempt data were collected from medical case notes and interviews with the patients and their family members. Patients were rated on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Simpson and Angus Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (SAES), and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Smoking severity was evaluated using clinician-administered questionnaires and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND).
说明：第一句话明确说明入组病人数（与研究目的合写了）。第二句是收集了自杀相关的临床资料。第三句是采用的几种临床量表评定。
第三个例子：“精神分裂症伴发吸烟的发病率和相关因素”
Methods是这么写的：we assessed these smoking behaviors using clinician-administered questionnaires and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in 776 Chinese male schizophrenia and 560 control subjects. Patients also were rated on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), the Simpson and Angus Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (SAES), and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS).
说明：第一句话明确说明入组病人数和正常组人数（与研究目的合写了），以及吸烟量表FTND。下面一句是采用的几种临床量表评定：PANSS，SAES， AIMS。
第四个例子：“精神分裂症伴发糖尿病发病率和相关因素”
Methods是这么写的：Two hundred and six inpatients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition schizophrenia criteria were recruited in a cross-sectional naturalistic study, and compared with 615 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, education, and body mass index (BMI). The patient’s psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Diagnoses of diabetes were established through review of medical records and fasting blood glucose testing, or an oral glucose tolerance test.
说明：第一句话明确说明入组病人数和正常组人数，以及相关的人口学资料：性别、年龄、教育和BMI。第二句是采用临床量表评定：PANSS。第三句是说明糖尿病的诊断标准。
第三部分）结果：
3-5句话，选择本文最主要的阳性发现，针对这部分，突出的结果是发病率、相关人口学参数和临床量表结果。进一步需要说明的是：针对这样的临床研究的资料分析和统计，是有套路的，就是第一步分析发病率，第二步是比较肥胖对非肥胖、自杀对非自杀、吸烟对非吸烟、糖尿病对非糖尿病之间的临床参数和量表的比较，第三步采用相关和logistic或多元回归进一步分析相关的因素。
第一个例子：“精神分裂症伴发肥胖的发病率和相关临床因素”
Results是这么写的：Overall, 43 (20.9%) patients were obese and 67 (32.5%) were overweight. The obese patients had significantly higher glucose levels, triglyceride levels than non-obese patients. Females and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had increased risk for obesity. Correlation analysis showed that BMI was associated with sex, education levels, negative symptoms, total PANSS score, triglyceride levels and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further stepwise regression analysis showed that sex, type 2 diabetes, education level, triglyceride and amount of smoking/day were significant predictors for obesity.
说明：第一句列出病人肥胖和超重的发病率。第二句是列出肥胖组vs非肥胖组两组间的统计分析结果，肥胖病人组高血糖和甘油三酯，女性和较多的糖尿病。第三句是相关分析结果，说明BMI与性别、教育、PANSS 阴性症状和总分、甘油三酯和糖尿病相关。第四句是多元回归的结果。
第二个例子：“精神分裂症合并自杀的发病率和相关因素”
Results是这么写的：We found a suicide attempt rate of 9.2% in these schizophrenic inpatients. The attempters were single, had a significantly younger age but more hospitalizations, had higher depressive symptoms, and began smoking at an earlier age, smoked more cigarettes each day and had higher FTND total scores than patients without suicide attempts. The logistic regression analysis also indicated that suicide attempts were associated with the number of hospitalizations, depressive symptoms and FTND total scores.
说明：第一句列出病人自杀率。第二句是列出自杀组vs非自杀组两组间的统计分析结果：自杀组单身、年纪小、住院次数多、抑郁症状严重，首次吸烟年纪较小、每日吸烟支数多，FTND 评分严重。第三句是logistic 分析结果。
第三个例子：“精神分裂症伴发吸烟的发病率和相关因素”
Results是这么写的：We found that the schizophrenia patients had a higher lifetime incidence of smoking (79% vs 63%), were more likely to be heavy smokers (61% vs 31%), and had lower smoking cessation rates (4% vs 9%) (all p<0.0001) than controls. Among the schizophrenia patients smoking prevalence increased with age, with the largest difference from controls in the age cohort of 55-75 years: 75% vs 46% (p<0.0001). Among the schizophrenia smokers 73% started to smoke before the onset of their illness by an average of 7.6 years. The patients with schizophrenia who were current smokers scored significantly lower on the PANSS negative symptom subscore (p<0.005), and on the SAES symptom scale (p<0.04; Bonferroni corrected p>0.05) than the non-smoking patients.
说明：第一句列出病人组和正常组吸烟率、重性吸烟率和戒烟率。第二句列出吸烟与年龄的关系。第三句列出吸烟组年龄与发病年龄之间的关系。第四句列出吸烟组vs非吸烟组两组间的统计分析结果：在几个量表上的差异。（说明：这篇文章与常规的套路有些不同，因为这是较早的关于精神分裂症合并某种亚组发病率的文章，当时还没总结出后来的套路）。
第四个例子：“精神分裂症伴发糖尿病发病率和相关因素”
Results是这么写的：Diabetes mellitus was more common in patients than in the normal controls (22.3% vs 6.2%) (odds ratio = 4.37, confidence interval (CI) 2.76-6.92, p < 0.001). The prevalence of diabetes increased with age across five age-groups as compared with normal controls (X(2) = 18.0, df = 4, p = 0.001). The PANSS total score and sub-scores showed no differences between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Logistic regression in the patients revealed significant associations between diabetes and a family history of diabetes (p < 0.001), age (p < 0.01), and BMI (p < 0.05).
说明：第一句列出病人组和正常组糖尿病发病率。第二句列出糖尿病发病率与年龄的关系。第三句列出糖尿病组vs非糖尿病组两组间的统计分析结果。第四句是logistic 回归结果。
第四部分）结论：
一般是一句话来说明，有时2句，偶尔3句。一定是在结果的基础上的精炼和总结，而不能只是重复结果部分。
第一个例子：“精神分裂症伴发肥胖的发病率和相关临床因素”
Conclusion是这么写的：Our study showed that the prevalence of obesity in Chinese patients with schizophrenia is higher than that in the general population. Some demographic and clinical variables are risk factors for obesity in schizophrenia.
说明：第一句说明中国精神分裂症人群比正常人群的肥胖发病率高。第二句说明一些人口学资料和临床资料是肥胖的危险因素。
第二个例子：“精神分裂症合并自杀的发病率和相关因素”
Conclusion是这么写的：These results suggest that Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia attempt suicide more often than the general population. Further, some demographic and clinical variables are risk factors for suicide attempts in schizophrenia.
说明：第一句说明中国精神分裂症人群比正常人群的自杀病率高。第二句说明一些人口学资料和临床资料是自杀的危险因素。
第三个例子：“精神分裂症伴发吸烟的发病率和相关因素”
Conclusion是这么写的：These results suggest that Chinese males with schizophrenia smoke more frequently than the general population. Further, smokers with schizophrenia may display fewer negative symptoms and possibly less parkinsonism than non-smokers with schizophrenia.
说明：第一句说明中国精神分裂症男性人群比正常男性人群的吸烟率高。第二句吸烟组阴性症状较轻、帕金森氏副作用较少。
第四个例子：“精神分裂症伴发糖尿病发病率和相关因素”
Conclusion是这么写的：Long-term clozapine treatment was associated with an increased and clinically important risk of diabetes mellitus in Chinese chronic schizophrenic patients, which is consistent with previous reports in Western populations.
说明：第一句前半句说明长期服用氯氮平导致精神分裂症人群的糖尿病发病率高，同时有一些临床相关的危险因素。后半句说明与西方人群的研究发现类似。
假如我们有项类似的研究：“重性抑郁障碍肥胖的临床研究”，纳入300例MDD病人，收集了一般临床资料、检测了人体参数和汉密尔顿抑郁量表HADM，结果发现病人组肥胖率为30%， 肥胖者的发病年龄较早，HADM分数较高，同时血糖和甘油三酯水平较高，这种情况下，如何去写这个Abstract呢？ 大家感兴趣的话，可以在阅读这篇文章后，自己模仿去写， 看看能写出什么样的Abstract来。 也可以发布到这里来，让大家阅读。
（注：这是个很好的课题，在中国人群中还没有报道，感兴趣的医生和临床科研人员可以去做，根据样本量大小，可以发表3分、4分以上的文章，如有什么问题，可以在下方留言讨论）
本文是由张向阳教授撰写的《投稿SCI论文，如何写一个精彩的Abstract》，将分别从（一）单纯的临床研究；（二）生物学指标；（三）系统之间的交互作用；（四）治疗前后临床疗效+生物学指标等四个脉络，来讲解如何写Abstract。
